Nautilus Array: A New Concept to Track Exoplanet Atmospheric Evolution

• Researchers propose the Nautilus Space Observatory (NDSO), a constellation of 35 space telescopes designed to track the formation and evolution of exoplanet atmospheres.
• The mission aims to investigate critical questions regarding sub-Neptunes and super-Earths, which account for 30–50% of planets around Sun-like stars.
• Nautilus would utilize 8.5-meter lenses, providing light-collecting power over double that of JWST and nearly 100 times that of the planned Ariel telescope.

Scientific Objectives

• Analyze timescales of atmospheric evolution from early protoplanetary disks (0–10 million years) to planetary maturity (4.6 billion years).
• Study mechanisms behind atmospheric mass loss and the evolution of helium-dominated exoplanets.
• Determine carbon-oxygen ratios to better understand planet formation processes.

Mission Design and Capabilities

• Proposed by a team led by the University of Arizona, the concept replaces traditional mirrors with 35 units featuring 8.5-meter lenses.
• Each unit integrates an instrument package, a solar panel, and a Mylar balloon to allow for rapid, scalable deployment.
• The system supports NASA's Cosmic Origins and Exoplanet Exploration Programs by providing the high spatial resolution and broad-wavelength coverage necessary for detailed atmospheric study.

Context

• As of the current count, NASA has confirmed nearly 6,300 exoplanets, including approximately 2,200 sub-Neptunes and 1,800 super-Earths.
• The project remains in the conceptual phase with prototype development ongoing, aiming to overcome the limitations of current ground- and space-based observatory technology.