Mozambique: Capulana dresses and police violence in Nampula protests

• Women in Nampula, Mozambique, staged protests following the First Lady’s failure to deliver promised 'capulana' dresses for Women's Day.
• The capulana has evolved from a cultural symbol into a potent tool of resistance and protection against police force.
• These events reflect ongoing national instability and rising concerns over state responses to public demonstrations.

The Role of the Capulana

• Traditionally a staple of Mozambican cultural identity, the capulana served as a visual symbol of unity and resistance during the protests.
• Protesters used the fabric as improvised protection against tear gas.
• The garment draws historical significance from its association with the national liberation struggle and independence activist Josina Machel.

Escalating Unrest and State Response

• Tensions follow the 2024 general elections, characterized by reports of election irregularities and transparency breaches from the Center for Public Integrity.
• The platform Decide reports that thousands have been arrested and hundreds have died in election-related events.
• International organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, have documented excessive force, arbitrary arrests, and intimidation against protesters.

Digital Activism and Government Controls

• Social media has been instrumental in mobilizing citizens and documenting human rights abuses in real time.
• Under Decree No. 48/2025 (December 2025), officials have gained the authority to block access to national telecommunications networks.
• Proposed updates to the Highway Code include penalties for those blocking public roads during protests, fueling concerns about the state's capacity to suppress future dissent.